Subscript and superscript - Wikipedia. Example of subscript and superscript. In each example the first “2” is professionally designed, and is included as part of the glyph set; the second “2” is a manual approximation using a small version of the standard “2.” The visual weight of the first “2” matches the other characters better.

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The second typeface is Myriad Pro; the superscript is about 6. A subscript or superscript is a character (number, letter or symbol) that is (respectively) set slightly below or above the normal line of type.

It is usually smaller than the rest of the text. Subscripts appear at or below the baseline, while superscripts are above. Subscripts and superscripts are perhaps most often used in formulas, mathematical expressions, and specifications of chemical compounds and isotopes, but have many other uses as well.

In professional typography, subscript and superscript characters are not simply ordinary characters reduced in size; to keep them visually consistent with the rest of the font, typeface designers make them slightly heavier. The vertical distance that sub- or superscripted text is moved from the original baseline varies by typeface and by use. In typesetting, such types are traditionally called .

In English, most nontechnical use of superiors is archaic. The typeface is Myriad Pro. A single typeface may contain sub- and superscript glyphs at different positions for different uses.

The four most common positions are listed here. Because each position is used in different contexts, not all alphanumerics may be available in all positions. For example, subscript letters on the baseline are quite rare, and many typefaces provide only a limited number of superscripted letters. Despite these differences, all reduced- size glyphs go by the same generic terms subscript and superscript, which are synonymous with the terms inferior letter (or number) and superior letter (or number), respectively. Most fonts that contain superscript/subscript will have predetermined size and orientation that is dependent on the design of the font. Subscripts that are dropped below the baseline.

For example, the molecular formula for glucose is C6. H1. 2O6 (meaning that it is a molecule with 6 carbon atoms, 1. A subscript is also used to distinguish between different versions of a subatomic particle.

Thus electron, muon, and tau neutrinos are denoted . A particle may be distinguished by multiple subscripts, such as . Commonly, variables with a zero in the subscript are referred to as the variable name followed by “naught” (e. For example, in the sequence O = (4. O3 refers to the third member of sequence O, which is 8. Also in mathematics and computing, a subscript can be used to represent the radix, or base, of a written number, especially where multiple bases are used alongside each other.

For example, comparing values in hexadecimal, denary, and octal one might write Chex = 1. Subscripted numbers dropped below the baseline are also used for the denominators of stacked fractions, like this: 6. Certain standard abbreviations are also composed as diagonal fractions, such as . From these developed modern diacritical marks (glyphs (. Also, in early Middle High German, umlauts and other modifications to pronunciation would be indicated by superscript letters placed directly above the letter they modified.

Thus the modern umlaut . Both vowels and consonants were used in this way, as in . The signs for copyright . Often the superscripted numbers are underlined: $8. The currency symbol itself may also be superscripted, as in $8. Certain standard abbreviations are also composed as diagonal fractions, such as . Any combination of characters can be used for this purpose; in technical writing footnotes are sometimes composed of letters and numbers together, like this.

A. 2 The choice of low or high alignment depends on taste, but high- set footnotes tend to be more common, as they stand out more from the text. In mathematics, high superscripts are used for exponentiation to indicate that one number or variable is raised to the power of another number or variable. Thus y. 4 is y raised to the fourth power, 2x is 2 raised to the power of x, and the famous equation E=mc. This led over time to an “abuse of notation” whereby superscripts indicate iterative function composition, including derivatives. In an unrelated use, superscripts also indicate contravariant tensors in Ricci calculus.

The charges of ions and subatomic particles are also denoted by superscripts. Cl- is a negatively charged chlorine atom, Pb.

In symbolic form, the number of nucleons is denoted as a superscripted prefix to the chemical symbol (for example 3. He, 1. 2C, 1. 3C, 1.

I, and 2. 38. U). The letters m or f may follow the number to indicate metastable or fission isomers, as in 5. Co or 2. 40f. Pu. Subscripts and superscripts can also be used together to give more specific information about nuclides.

For example, 2. 35. U denotes an atom of uranium with 2. Downloads Oracle Vm Virtualbox Extension Pack there.

A chemical symbol can be completely surrounded: 1. C2+8 is an ion of carbon with 1. The numerators of stacked fractions (such as 3. The typeface is Minion Pro, set in Adobe Illustrator. Note that the default superscripting algorithms of most word processors would set the “th” and “lle” too high, and the weight of all the subscript and superscript glyphs would be too light.

HTML subscripts and superscripts. X6. O8. MX6. O8. MDefault subscript and superscript rendered in HTML for fonts in normal styles. Example of possible collision of italic styles in HTML. Another minor adjustment that is often omitted by renderers is the control of the direction of movement. Ideally this should allow for the font, e. This may create a collision with surrounding letters in the same italic font size.

One can see an example of such collision on the right side when rendered in HTML (see the figure on the right). To avoid this, it is often desirable to insert a small positive horizontal margin (or a thin space) (on the left side of the first superscript character), or a negative margin (or a tiny backspace) before a subscript. It is more critical with glyphs from fonts in Oblique styles that are more slanted than those from fonts in Italic style, and some fonts reverse the direction of slanting, so there is no general solution except when the renderer takes into account the font metrics properties that specifies the angle of slanting,However the same problem occurs more generally between spans of normal glyphs (non- subperscript and non- subscript) when slanting styles are mixed. Software support. Professional typesetting programs such as Quark.

XPress or Adobe In. Design also have similar features for automatically converting regular type to subscript or superscript. These programs, however, may also offer native Open. Type support for the special subscript and superscript glyphs included in many professional typeface packages (such as those shown in the image above). See also Open. Type, below. Comparison of software support. Software. Open. Type support forprofessional glyphs?

Default values for glyph transformation (non- professional glyphs)Keyboard shortcuts. Size. Subscript position. Superscript position. User- modifiable settings? Superscript. Subscript. Open. Office. org 3.

No. 58%. Similarly, superscripts are produced with < sup> and < /sup>. Note that superscripts are usually placed too high for many typographic purposes. As in other systems, when using UTF- 8 encoding, the masculine.

In this case the text is not resized automatically, so a sizing command can be included, e. Owing to the popularity of using these characters to make fractions, most modern fonts render most or all of these as cap height superscripts and baseline subscripts. The same font may align letters and numbers in different ways. Other than numbers, the set of super- and subscript letters and other symbols is incomplete and somewhat random, and many fonts do not contain them. Because of these inconsistencies, these glyphs may not be suitable for some purposes (see Uses, above). Open. Type. Exactly which glyphs are included varies by typeface; some have only basic support for numerals, while others contain a full set of letters, numerals, and punctuation.

They can be available via activating subs or sups tag. Since many of these glyphs are not included in Unicode, they can be turned on if software environment support optional features, while other typefaces placed them in the Unicode Private Use Area.

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Adobe Photoshop for image resizing. Adobe In. Design Training - . Beginners and Intermediate - . Day 1- Introduction to Adobe In. Design and desktop publishing. Getting Started and creating a new In. Design Document. Starting a new document, setting documents size and margins, columns and other.

Using guidelines to help control layout. Modifying document properties. Saving a document and organising files Moving around the document. Zooming in and out. Zoom tool, keyboard shortcuts, menus. Overview of the main tools and palettes in In.

Design Setting Preferences. Shapes and Selected Objects.

Shape tools & Frame tools. Line Tools. Selection Tools.

Setting precise dimensions or position for an object. Duplicating selected objects. Grouping objects. Locking objects. Align & Distribute. Create multiple copies with equal spacing using Step & Repeat.

Images. Adding an image to a page(discussion of correct file types, image resolution. Resizing the image. Changing image position within. Putting a border around an image. Colours. Set fill colour and stroke colour. Choosing RGB, CMYK or Pantone Spot colours. Gradient & Tints.

Create a new colour and save in the Swatches palette Editing and deleting swatches 5) Text & Type. Text Tools. Inputting and editing type. Importing a text document Setting Text Frame Options. Set type colour Paragraph and Character formatting. Basic typography. Leading, Kerning, Tracking, Indents, Hyphenation, etc.)Checking spelling 6) Pages.

Adding new pages, organising pages, deleting pages Basic overview of how a master page works and adding content to the master page. Create a small document. Create a small simple document such as a single page newsletter, with text and images.

This could be a simple document of your own, e. Pages & Master Pages Working with multi- page documents Creating a spread of 2 or more pages Creating Master Pages.

Applying a Master Page to document pages. Editing and duplicating Master Pages. Automatic page numbering. Working with Text Frames and Type Threading type between two or more text frames, viewing and changing text threading. Using the Story Editor to edit text Using Find & Replace to change repeated text elements in a document Using the Eyedropper tool to pick up attributes from another block of text. Using Text Wrap to wrap text around a picture or shape. Running type along a path Converting type into outlines.

Inline graphics (using graphics inside a line of type) 3) Typography More text formatting and typography settings: Drop caps, paragraph. Controlling line breaks, paragraph breaks and column breaks Tabs.

Bullets and Numbering options Glyphs and special characters e. Showing hidden characters (paragraphs, tabs, spaces, etc.) within the text. Style Sheets. Using Character Styles and Paragraph Styles to format type. Applying and editing Style Sheets. Importing styles from other documents. Images. Using a clipping path or mask (from Photoshop)Using Library items.

Objects, Images and Effects Shape Modifying (transform, rotate, scale) Adding a drop shadow to an image or other object Transparency and blending effects. Using Object Styles. Layers Using Layers to organise images, graphics and text Creating, deleting, and changing stacking order. Visibility and locking of layers. Moving selected objects between layers 8) Tables.

Creating tables. Importing data Formatting cells. Formatting text Resizing cells, merging cells, adding or removing rows or columns. File Management Checking font and picture usage. Preflight checks. Packaging (collecting together all files and fonts needed for printing)1.

Output Exporting files to other formats. Creating PDF files. Printing Create a document of your own design. Create a multi- page document of your own design or based on your own examples.